The first commercially available foundation was Max Factor's Pan-Cake. Although make-up would evolve dramatically from Baudin's invention, theatrical make-up is, to this day, not too far removed from the original blend of fats and pigment. This would be the standard for theatrical make-up until 1914 when makeup artist Max Factor created Flexible Greasepaint that was more reflective of the lighting on movie sets. This formulation was so popular with other actors that Baudin began producing it commercially, and, as such, gave birth to the first theatrical makeup. He wanted to conceal the joint between his wig and forehead, so he developed a flesh-coloured paste made of zinc white, ochre, and vermillion in lard. Modern foundation can trace its roots to Carl Baudin of the Leipziger Stadt theatre in Germany. In the Edwardian era, women wore a base and did not bleach their skin as much as they did in previous centuries. Some women stayed out of the sun, ate chalk, and drank iodine to achieve whiteness. In the late 19th century, women would apply a whitening mixture made out of zinc oxide, mercury, lead, nitrate of silver, and acids. It was only acceptable for actors or actresses to wear make-up. Queen Victoria abhorred make-up and deemed that it was only appropriate for prostitutes and loose women to wear it. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Victorian women wore little or no makeup. In the 18th century, Louis XV made it fashionable for men to wear lead-based makeup. Many men and women died from wearing lead-based make-up. They also applied egg whites to their faces to create a shiny complexion. Throughout the 17th century and the Elizabethan era, women wore ceruse, a lethal mixture of vinegar and white lead. ĭuring the Italian Renaissance, many women applied water-soluble lead paint to their faces. In the 6th century, women would often bleed themselves to achieve a pale complexion. Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, it was considered fashionable for women to have pale skin, due to the association of tanned skin with outdoors work, and therefore the association of pale skin with affluence. The animal fat provided a smooth texture, while the tin oxide provided color to the cream. Tin oxide was made out of heating tin metal in the open air. The fat was rendered from animal carcasses and heated to remove the color. The cream was made from animal fat, starch, and tin oxide. Men also wore makeup to lighten their skin tone using white lead powder, chalk, and creams. Wealthy Romans favoured white lead paste, which could lead to disfigurements and death. Roman women also favoured a pale complexion. It was considered fashionable for Greek women to have a pale complexion. In 200 B.C., ancient Greek women applied white lead powder and chalk to lighten their skin. "Face painting" is mentioned in the Old Testament (Ezekiel 23:40). The use of cosmetics to enhance complexion reaches back into antiquity. Foundation applied to the body is generally referred to as " body painting" or "body makeup". Some foundations also function as a moisturizer, sunscreen, astringent or base layer for more complex cosmetics. Skin coloured cosmetic applied to the faceįoundation is a liquid, cream, or powder makeup applied to the face and neck to create an even, uniform color to the complexion, cover flaws and, sometimes, to change the natural skin tone.
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